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QUEEN CHRISTINA IN THE LIGHTS OF GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM Essay

Sovereign CHRISTINA IN THE LIGHTS OF GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM - Essay Example The film gives us Queen Christina's own craving for affection and bliss and her issue with the Spanish Ambassador, Don Antonio De Pimentel. Be that as it may, at last he passes on leaving their affection unfulfilled. Another part of the film, which is of importance, is that Queen Christina needed to be a human and not simply some article, similar to ladies were treated in that time. Sovereign Christina shows German Expressionism, which was a sort of film development and alludes to the various interrelated creative developments that had come to fruition in Germany. Interlacing German Expressionist in the films of the 1930's was an up and coming and new style, which was generally appeared in numerous motion pictures. The greater part of the turns of events, which occurred in Germany, were because of this development. Various motion pictures, including Queen Christina, served a significant job in moving the private feelings of an individual in the open and accordingly, is personally identified with the ideas and thoughts of the German Expressionism. As underscored by German Expressionism the film gives us passionate and very close to home responses. This film utilizes numerous dim and light appears differently in relation to tilted points, misrepresentation and marvelous environments. In the mid nineteenth century, the vast majority of the German movies were duplic ated from outside movies or were made for business utilization. Be that as it may, because of its extreme achievement numerous different films showing expressionist style began showing up. After the First World War Germany confronted disarray and turmoil and there was hysteric hopelessness all over the place. Social weight made an air of fear. Sovereign Christina totally flourishes with the nonstop and constantly present phenomenal, horrifying and secretive component of fear. Also, the film business in Germany endured a ton when the German economy was recuperating. As swelling developed in Germany, films were extremely modest and were handily sold in the remote markets. Be that as it may, with these up and coming Expressionist motion pictures their spending plan raised creation them an opposition for the outside motion pictures. (Sheep, 2004) This film likewise contains various components of German Feminism. Since forever, the story and lives of particularly the ladies have been fail to a bigger sum. Their jobs in different political issues, social and social changes have frequently been overlooked. Sovereign Christina is women's activist in the strong perspectives that it has given. It gives us different perspectives about androgyny, female honorability and homosexuality. Sovereign Christina is one of the most refreshing films all things considered and gives us an understanding to the individual and sensitive battle that ladies experience while attempting to outperform the sentiments she has towards an individual whom society doesn't endorse of. It shows us a sensitive character of an exceptionally solid yet passionate lady confronting numerous challenges. Since it has depicted bisexuals, the film has frequently been reprimanded and questioned by various individuals. Sovereign Christina was probably the best film in the magnificent time of quiet motion pictures. In spite of the fact that the film contains components of that time, it is incredibly early. It shows characteristics of rich craftsmanship at a few levels. Sovereign Christina's mystery relationship with the Spanish Ambassador filled in as an impetus raising inquiries concerning Queen Christina's point of view, obligation and furthermore her

Swift vs Java Which one is Better for the Future Development

Swift vs Java Which one is Better for the Future Development Java vs Swift is always a crucial battle for the CS students. They always confused that which one is the best between Java vs Swift. Here in this blog, we are going to share with you the best every comparison with you find out the best language between these two programming languages. Swift Summary SwiftJavaHistorySwiftJavaBenefits of Swift vs Java ProgrammingSwift BenefitsSuper Open Source CommunityEasy Code ReadabilityEasy Code MaintenanceSupported by Multiple DevicesJava BenefitsPlatform-IndependentDistributedSimpleObject-OrientedSecureRich APIsAllocationMultithreadedThe Swift vs JavaConclusion Apple developed the Swift that is a programming language, and it is the language that is used to make the computer programs. It is also used to create mobile programs or apps such as Linux and macOS X, iOS, and for the Apple TV and Apple watch. It came in the field of programing language on June 2, 2014. Java Java is a computing platform and a programing language for the development of the application. First, Java language in 1995 released by the Sun Microsystem and after a few years it was acquired by Oracle Corporation. It considered one of the best and most used languages in computer programing. History Swift During 2010, the Christ Lattner starts the development process of Swift and at the Apple associated with the other language. For Swift, the programing language idea comes from Objective-C, Rust, and Ruby, C #, Haskell, Python, CLU, and an assortment of other programming languages. In the beginning, the first version of the Swift was 1.0 that at WWDC 2015 experienced a foremost improvement to Swift 2. Under the Apache License 2.0, the version 2.2 was upgraded for Linux and Apple platforms. Java At Sun Microsystems, Java was initially developed by the James Gosling and released in 1995 as a core component. From C and C++, the language derives a lot of its syntax, but it provides inadequate stage facilities. In the SE platform, Oracle Corporation is the official implementation of Java. It is the development based on the real or actual implementation of Java. Benefits of Swift vs Java Programming Swift Benefits Super Open Source Community During December 2015 the Apple announced Swift as an open-source programing language for iOS. Nowadays, Swift becomes open source programming language. In the Swift language, there are a lot of opportunities to make it in the sense of friendly language. For the iPhone, the developer can enhance and explore the language. Easy Code Readability Swift is also one of the programming languages that are very most straightforward or most comfortable to read and write. Easy Code Maintenance The Swift programing language was straightforward in code maintenance. Supported by Multiple Devices As you know, Swift is a programming language developed by Apple. It supported by a lot of devices such as iPad, iPhones, Apple Watches, Mack Devices. The Swift programing language looks to be the future of making super-performing as well as secured apps. Java Benefits Java also a leading platform used by everyone. There are an additional three billion devices in which Java is also running. Java is open-source and free. It also significant community support and extraordinary documentation. In Java, you may develop any application. You can develop web applications, distributed, standalone utility apps, as well as extremely accessible applications in Java. There are tons of systems created in Java. For web services and web applications, you will be able to use the spring framework. Mostly these systems are open source and free. Platform-Independent Java provides the comfort of make or develop a program once as well as run one hardware or one software program. It also provides a lot of comfortable facilities as it can easily move from one to another system or computer. Distributed Java also contained the extraordinary ability of the network, and it also developed to create or make accessible to distributed computing comprising the capability of the network. Simple Java is straightforward to use, and it also designed as well as straightforward to debug, compile, and know in the comparison of the other computer programing languages. Java too pure in the comparison of C++. The reason is that java use garbage collaboration and automatic memory allocation. Object-Oriented Object-oriented programming is linked or connected with concepts such as abstraction, inheritance, class, encapsulation, object, polymorphism, etc. it permits you to develop reusable code and modular programs. In this process, you can develop objectives inside classes, declare classes, and also interrelate among two subjects. Secure Java defined as the first language in the computer programing with security like an integral portion of the design. The compiler of java nature created with the security mind. The machines of the Java typically also unique recognizers or identifiers. Rich APIs Java provides a lot of APIs for the development of the applications. It is a connection between various activities as well as methods. Allocation Allocation: it also includes the characteristic of the Stack allocation system. Multithreaded Java also a programing language that supports multithreading. It is the ability or power for a program to make various tasks concurrently through a program. The Swift vs Java Conclusion Now, we have seen the best ever comparison between Java vs Swift. It is quite tough to declare the winner in this battle. The reason is both of the programming languages are the most popular and also has some pros and cons. But if we talk about the software development future then Swift has a slight edge over Java. But if we talk about the use in the IT industry then swift dont have any stand against Java. Get the best Java assignment help and Java homework help from the experts at nominal charges. We are available 247 to provide you with the excellent Java programming help services.

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte - 2164 Words

In England during the nineteenth century, the struggle to gain independence and equality were difficult for Victorian women, largely because of their gender, but also because they did not have any independent source of wealth. Published in 1847, Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Brontà « depicts the life of women during that time that were economically devalued and socially marginalized. Women were not seen as equals to men and being independent meant being free from the influences of others. The novel tells the story of Jane Eyre, a young Victorian woman on a quest to fulfill a sense of equality and independence in her life. Throughout the novel, a series of individuals fail to agree with Jane’s ideology, making an identity search a pressing issue for Jane. Her main goal as a Victorian woman is to become independent, achieve self-fulfillment while finding a voice, and overcome oppression. While Jane Eyre can be read as a feminist novel, it can also be seen as a challenge towar ds the Victorian era and how Brontà « uses her protagonist to attack some of the issues during this time. Although Jane faces off with individuals in the novel that do not see her as an equal, the point of equality Jane desires is emotion-based, rather than people-based. The relationships that Jane develops in the novel leads her to want to go against the social norms of women in the Victorian era and fight for her own identity. Jane’s experience at Gateshead Hall fuels her quest for equality andShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structures through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery as blatantly concealed as Jane’s description of Rochester’s hand as being â€Å"rounded, muscular; and vigorous†¦long, strong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brontà « 312) A modern reader might blush at the description and itsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1437 Words   |  6 Pagestools that depict history. One great work of art that portrays these constant struggles is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. While addressing social issues of a governess, Brontà « also tackles Victorian society’s corrupt and unjust ideals by using different settings and characters such as Mr. Rochester and Gateshead Manor. In Jane Eyre, the depiction of a rigid social class restricts the protagonist, Jane Eyre, from marrying her love, Mr. Rochester. Sadly, Jane’s relationship is also jeopardized by passionRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1374 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Within the specter of the Gothic fictions arises the atmosphere of gloom, terror, and mystery with some elements of uncanny challenging reality. One major characteristic function of the Gothic fictions is to open the fiction to the realm of the irrational and perverse narratives, obsessions, and nightmarish terrors that hide beneath the literally civilized mindset in order to demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world known rationally through experienceRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte781 Words   |  3 PagesThrough her trials and tribulations, Charlotte Bronte has kept her passion for poetry alive and remains as one of the most influential British poets of all times. Even though she is one of the most famous female writers of all times, she is mostly famous for her most popular novel Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte has experienced more tragedy in her life than happiness by losing her mother and all five of her siblings. But, in her moments of tragedy, she expre ssed her feelings through poetry. As a resultRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte949 Words   |  4 PagesSurrounded by witnesses, Jane stands in front of the minister, poised to take her marital vows as the mystery of Thornfield unravels. Unbeknownst to her, Rochester’s actual wife, Bertha Mason, is within close proximity.The knowledge of Bertha, and the mystery, will pose as a test to Jane s morals and her character. Through Jane Eyre, a powerful Victorian-era novel, Charlotte Bronte portrays the role of women in Victorian society while masterfully solidifying Jane’s role as its polar opposite: anRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte1620 Words   |  7 PagesIt is often said that it is the role of literature to challenge and confront the conventional values of a society. In the novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte the idea of challenging and confronting conventional values is stressed often. Perhaps it is in relation to the author herself, as seen in the autobiographical elements recognizable throughout the novel. Some of these autobiographical elements include the form of which the novel is written in, called Bildungsroman where the story is focusedRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe nineteenth-century Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is considered to be a gothic novel. Gothic literature took place mostly in England from 1790 to 1830, falling in to the category of Romantic literature. The Gothic takes its roots from previous horrifying writing that extends back to the Middle Ages and can still be found in writings today by many authors including Charlotte Bronte. The strong description of horror, abuse, and gruesomeness in Gothic novels reveals truths to readers through realisticRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte929 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « explores how Jane wants to find love--not just romantic love but to value and sense of belonging. The book challenges how the language of middle-class love affects the way a character’s self-identity can alter the action, how Jane sees herself later when she found love and sense of belonging as independent women. When Jane was a child she struggles to find her own identity Jane begins to change through her journey once she realizes her own identity and this helpsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1359 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the ex periences of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte, expresses many elements of gothic literature throughout her novel Jane Eyre. In her perfect understanding of gothic literature, she expresses the three types of evil commonly found in gothic literature, including the evil of the supernatural, the evil within or the instinctual evil motives of humans, and lastly, the evil because of societal influence. Jane Eyre experiences all of these three evils with her aunt and three cousins with her residency

For the Period Before 1750, Analyze the Ways in Which...

Topic: For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain’s policy of â€Å"Salutary Neglect† influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the following: Legislative assemblies, commerce, religion. Before 1750, the undocumented British policy of salutary neglect greatly impacted the methods through which American colonists regulated their daily lives. Through mercantilist thought processes, Britain created the colonies merely for gain of the mother terrain itself. Therefore, it did not give them any specific attention and allowed them to simply rule itself by personal means—and this idea makes up salutary neglect. The colonies used their own assemblies, such as the House of Burgesses, to govern themselves.†¦show more content†¦Primarily colonial leadership could make this decision, because the gist of the situation comprised of keeping the slaves from taking advantage of the fact that England allowed freedom under certain circumstances. Economically, the Crown did not provide as much assistance as needed to the colonists of the New World. Trade involved mainly countries other than England, because this way profits were maximized. England, once again, created its colonies for mercantilist reasons: profits and only profits. In reaction to these trade schemes, the Navigation Acts were enforced. Smuggling then grew extremely popular mainly because of price differences and simple convenience. Agriculturally, the main crops were indigo, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, and rice. Due to high demand, several workers were needed. Through the Triangular trade, raw materials went to England and the Northern Colonies, slaves came to the plantation-dominated areas of the colonies, and manufactured goods went to the West Indies. Molasses was turned into rum in New England and traded for more slaves as well. Religious freedom was one of the main causes for English peoples to move to the New World. They escaped from the de-catholicization of the Church of England in order to believe in what they wanted to belive in. The government once again did not pay any heed to set an official religious set of rules in the colonies, therefore allowing the people toShow Mo reRelatedA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 PagesQUESTIONS: Part 1: Colonial Period to Civil War Colonial Times 1607 -1775 1. From 1600 -1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American continent. Why did England win the struggle? (73) 2. In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, there

Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications Free Essays

Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications BIS/320 Amazon has made a business of selling a variety media types while also making the reselling of the same media an attractive option. What better way to regain in part what you spent on media interests than to resell it and have money to put towards the next interest. As of 2004 Amazon began running the Linux operating system across the board. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amazon then became one of the largest and well known companies running the Linux operating system. As one of the largest ecommerce centered businesses with a large global customer base with high expectations of constant expansion. Currently, it is known that Amazon is running Linux servers â€Å"Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), had close to half-a-million servers already running on a Red Hat Linux variant (Vaughn, 2012). † At this time â€Å"Amazon has never officially said what it’s running as EC2’s base operating system, it’s generally accepted that it’s a customized version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). (Vaughn, 2012)† In addition Amazon uses Xen hypervisor as host to the Linux system for virtual machines. Solaris; OpenSolaris; FreeBSD and NetBSD and Windows 2003 and 2008 are additional virtual machine instances. The multiple operating services that Amazon is currently using assist with meeting the high demand of users that browse and purchase from their sites. In using their cloud technology, EC2, it is also possible that not all information will be stored at any specific location, but is easily accessible to anyone within the company to access it. With Linux gaining popularity this will ultimately become beneficial to Amazon in their continual global expansion goals. Hardware are electrical mechanisms that is physically connected to your computer such as an electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software (Kroenke, 2012). The Amazon-to-buyer operating system is quite simple and uses a variety of input and output in comparison with various office based business. A difference will be the amount that is actually used verses an output or input device. The individual consumer at home using their computer will initiate the process by registering as a user , followed by inputting heir shipping and billing information which will be stored by the website’s servers. The consumer’s computer is considered the input device and the server is a storage device. Once a purchase has occurred the website will use the stored information to input the customer’s credit card information into a card reader which automatically debits the funds fro m the customer’s account. Card readers and scanners are widely used input devices (Kroenke, 2012). Most output devices are located at various individual merchants that use Amazon to sell their goods. Each having a database that show pending orders inputted through Amazon. These merchants will use their printers to document the order and locate the desired merchandise. Once the merchandise is located, information is then sent to the shipping department. Versatile shipping options like UPS, Fed Ex, or the U. S. Postal service are available and output devices will print things such as the bill of lading; the inventory of the packaged goods and the shipping labels with the previously entered customer’s shipping information on it. Once delivered, the merchandise is scanned via another input device called a barcode scanner. This information is then relayed to the merchant who reports a successful delivery to Amazon. A confirmation email will be sent to the customer confirming their transaction is complete. If desired the consumer can give their input on the Amazon experience via their home based computer. Amazon’s Founder and Chiefy Executive Office outlines the companies business objectives as: Increase Sales, promote the brand, create a loyal customer base and fiscal strength. By expanding each operational goal its gives a better understand on how the operating systems contribute to Amazon’s objective. Sales can be defined as making sure the customer gets what he wants, but also feeding in to the psychology of impulse buying. Impulse purchases can be promoted through an application Amazon employs, called the Dash. When conducting a search for a particular item the results of that search offer not only the item itself, but also similar items. There is also a feature that shows the customer what other customers, who have order this particular item of interest, have also purchased. Promotional brand occurred during Amazon’s Kindle was launched. In 2005 Bezos believed that â€Å"every book ever written in any language will be available (to the enduser) in less than sixty seconds†. (Bezos, 2009). The edict issued that the demarcation between Kindle, the device and Kindle the service be seamless to the enduser. In the four years that followed, sales have exceeded budgetary expectations. The e-mail feedback from customers is strongly positive with 26% of customer e-mails containing the word â€Å"love†. Amazon has positioned itself prominently on search engine sites so a pattern match of only a few letters will bring Amazon to the forefront. Amazon itself has become a search engine of sorts, which many people use for pricing items being considered for purchase. The brand has made Amazon not only a shopping site, but also a reference guide for benchmarking other purchases. Bezos defines customer loyalty as encouraging his staff to be â€Å"obsessed over our customers†. The computer applications used for tracking purchases as well as shipping allows customer service representatives to assist dissatisfied customers and get them to a satisfactory result. References Kroenke, D. M. (2012). MIS Essentials (2nd ed. ). : Pearson Education Thorp J. Feb 99), The Information Paradox, Retrieved from http://www. amazon. com/Information-Paradox-Realizing-Business-Technology/dp Vaughn, S. (2012, March 16). Amazon’s EC2 cloud is made up of almost half-a-million servers. ZDNet. Retrieved from http://www. zdnet. com/blog/open-source/amazon-ec2-cloud-is-made-up-of-almost-half-a-million-linux-servers/10620 | Operating Systems| Horizontal-Market Applications| Vertical-Market Applications| One-of-a-Kind Market Applications| Example| Linnux, Eucalyptus(cloud), OpenStack(cloud),EC2 and Red Hat Linux†¦ for starters| | | | Description of how it is used| | | | | Typical user| Amazon draws its users from anyone that can operate a computer and has an internet connection. | | | | Advantages| Easy to use; large amounts of information can be accessed without incorporating mass amounts of storage on a single server with cloud technology; accessibility to data from any location with cloud technology. | | | | Disadvantages| Even though Amazon continues to hire developers bandwidth is still and issue. People lose data. With such a broad base of people with the ability to browse and purchase products it poses a security issue regarding How to cite Determining Operating Systems and Software Applications, Essay examples

Workers Compensation Essay Example For Students

Workers Compensation Essay Workers CompensationWorkers compensation is meant to protect employees from loss of income and to cover extra expenses associated with job-related injuries or illness. Accidents in which the employee does not lose time from work, accidents in which the employee loses time from work, temporary partial disability, permanent partial or total disability, death, occupational diseases, noncrippling physical impairments, such as deafness, impairments suffered at employer-sanctioned events, such as social events or during travel to organization business, and injuries or disabilities attributable to an employers gross negligence are the types of injuries and illnesses most frequently covered by workers compensation laws. Since 1955, several states have allowed workers compensation payments for job-related cases of anxiety, depression, and certain mental disorders. We will write a custom essay on Workers Compensation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although some form of workers compensation is available in all 50 states, specific requirements, payments, and procedures vary among states. Certain features are common to virtually all programs: The laws generally provide for replacement of lost income, medical expense payments, rehabilitation of some sort, death benefits to survivors, and lump-sum disability payments. The employee does not have to sue the employer to get compensation. The compensation is normally paid through an insurance program financed through premiums paid by employers. Workers compensation insurance premiums are based on the accident and illness record of the organization. Having a large number of paid claims results in higher premiums. Medical expenses are usually covered in full under workers compensation laws. It is a no-fault system; all job-related injuries and illnesses are covered regardless of where the fault for the disability is placed. Workers compensation coverage is compulsory in all but a few states. In these states, it is elective for the employer. When it is elective, any employers who reject the coverage also give up certain legal protections. Benefits paid are generally provided for four types of disability: permanent partial disability, permanent total disability, temporary partial disability, and temporary total disability. Before any workers compensation is reorganized, the disability must be shown to be work-related. This usually involves an evaluation of the claimant by an occupational physician. One major criticism of workers compensation involves the extent of coverage provided by different states. The amounts paid, ease of collecting, and the likelihood of collecting all vary significantly from state to state. After a decade of yearly double-digit increases in the cost of workers compensation, in the early 1990s at least 35 states began to make changes in their workers compensation laws. These changes included tighter eligibility standards, benefit cuts, improved workplace safety, and campaigns against fraud. Recent data indicate that these changes are paying off. The rates of increases in the cost of workers compensation have slowed considerably, and in 1993 the cost actually declined. From 1993 through 1996, the cost of workers compensation insurance continued to decrease. State and federal workers compensation insurance is based on the theory that the cost of industrial accidents should be considered as one of the costs of production and should ultimately be passed on to the consumer. Individual employees should neither be required to stand the expense of their treatment or loss of income nor be required to be subjected to complicated, delaying, and expensive legal procedures. In most states, workers compensation insurance is compulsory. Only in New Jersey and Texas is it elective. When compulsory, every employer subject to it is required to comply with the laws provisions for the compensation of work injuries. The law is compulsory for the employee also. When elective, the employers have the option of either accepting or rejecting the law. If they reject it, they lose the customary common law defenses assumed risk of employment, negligence of a fellow servant, and contributory negligence. Workers compensation laws typically provide that injured employees will be paid a disability benefit that is usually based on a percentage of their wages. Each state also specifies the length of the period of payment and usually indicates a maximum amount that may be paid. In addition to the disability benefits, provision is made for payment of medical and hospitalization expenses to some degree, and in all states, death benefits are paid to survivors of the employee. Commissions are established to adjudicate claims at little or no expense to the claimant. Two methods of providing for workers compensation risks are commonly used. One method is for the state to operate an insurance system that employers may join and are required to join. Another method is for the states to permit employers to insure with private companies, and in some states, employers may be certified by the commission handling workers compensation to handle their own risks without any type of insurance. .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .postImageUrl , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:hover , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:visited , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:active { border:0!important; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:active , .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff0d521bb68e4886746ff86321ab440e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adolesent Depression Essay Under most state and private insurance plans, the employer and the employee gain by maintaining good safety records. Disability payments from other sources do not affect your Social Security disability benefits. But, if the disability payment is workers compensation or another public disability payment, your Social Security benefits may be reduced. After the reduction, your total public disability benefits should not exceed eighty percent of your average current earnings before you became disabled. These include your combined family Social Security benefits, your workers compensation payment and any other public disability payment you receive. The workers compensation payment and another type of public disability payment are kinds of payments that affect your Social Security disability benefits. Workers compensation payment is one that is made to a worker because of a job-related injury and illness. It may be paid by federal or state workers compensation agencies, employers or insurance companies on behalf of employers. Public disability payments that may affect your Social Security benefits are those paid under a federal, state or local government law or plan that pays for conditions that are not job-related. They differ from workers compensation because the disability that the worker has may not be job related. Examples are civil service disability benefits, military disability benefits, state temporary disability benefits and state or local government retirement benefits that are based on disability.The higher costs of providing workers compensation benefits in risky occupations may lead employers to improve safety in order to lower their insurance costs. The 75th anniversary of the Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) is an opportune time to reflect on broad policy issues of no-fault work injury liability statutes. Policy discussions regarding occupational safety and health usually are divided into two distinct parts with government standards established under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as the regulatory device for encouraging prevention and workers compensation considered as the program for providing benefits to disabled workers. The much debated standards approach established under the Occupational Safety and Health Act draws attention to the role of workers compensation as apart of the policy mix for improving the health and safety of employees. General issues of safety and health and their effect on employers and employees are first considered in this article. Then the mechanics of determining workers compensation benefits in the private sector and how this process relates to employer prevention incentives are briefly reviewed. Evidence on the effect of workers compensation on safety and health is also discussed. Finally, the specific arrangements by which Federal agencies are charged for the work injury liabilities of their employees are compared with arrangements used in the private sector to determine whether the Federal arrangements are consistent with the objective of encouraging prevention of injury and illness. All workers compensation systems in the United States require employers to guarantee that compensation to injured workers will be paid. Some large employers may self-insure but most employers meet this obligation by purchasing insurance. Several States offer workers compensation insurance in competition with commercial carriers, while other States have a monopoly insurance fund. The largest source of workers compensation, however, is insurance purchased from private companies. Workers compensation insurance rates are based on the riskiness of the firms industrial classification within each State. Approximately 600 groupings are used to determine the firms manual rate, which is stated as a percent of payroll. If a firm is large enough, the manual rate will begin to be adjusted by the experience of the individual firm. The larger the firms payroll, the larger will be the degree of this experience rating. In a typically risky industry, firms with approximately 1,800 employees will have premiums based on their own experience. It is obvious from this cursory review of the rate-setting procedure, that the system is quite subtle in its attention to the accident and disease experience of the individual firm. Within the workers compensation community, experience rating is often viewed as a matter of equityfirms with poor claims experience are charged a premium that reflects poor performance and firms with good experience are charged less. However, the potential for using this scheme to regulate behavior is also apparent. Considering the significance of occupational safety and health as a regulatory concern, it is somewhat surprising that so few studies have examined experience rating. .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .postImageUrl , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:hover , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:visited , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:active { border:0!important; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:active , .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9 .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52fc2cdb95c926184def4d31185acea9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Defense on socrates Essay It is a complex area to study, largely because of the complicating factor of the employees response to higher benefits. A straightforward prediction about the effect of experience rating on employers is that higher statutory benefit levels should encourage more prevention. Benefit levels vary across States and are regularly increased within States. However, higher benefit levels are associated with higher reported levels of accidents. Higher levels of benefits apparently encourage employees to report accidents. It is very difficult to remove this employee effect from any effect higher benefits might have on the employer. More attention should be paid to how liability arrangements can be improved to create a better workplace environment. Suggestions have been made to allow, or even require, all employers to self-insure deductibles for workers compensation, and thus sharpen the immediate reward for reduced injuries and disease. Other possibilities for refining the incentives of the experience-rating system are to simplify the relationships between experience and premiums. The current formula is a complex array of actuarially important factors that are beyond the comprehension of most safety and health professionals. Perhaps some elements of the relationship between experience and premiums could be simplified so as to make the reward for improved safety and health more apparent to decision makers. The use of claims experience from the first 3 of the last 4 years is another reason that the linkage between experience and premiums is more obtuse than is desirable. A final suggestion for improvement in the experience-rating scheme concerns the workers compensation rate regulation system used in most States. Workers compensation rates are still heavily regulated in most States, and although there are several mechanisms through which competition can manifest itself, pricing is not explicitly and visibly competitive in most States. This results in a marketplace that is not as effective as one would expect under open competitionand this lack of creative tension is manifested, in part, by producing few new ideas in experience rating. Regulated rates also often subvert the potential of experience rating by holding rates below the level established by the benefit levels and claims. In an effort to please worker groups, State legislators frequently set higher benefit levels, but then seek to appease employers by keeping rates below the level implied by those benefits. This eventually results in rates that make many employers unprofitable customers for insurers, which leads to employers being unable to obtain voluntary insurance. Because employers are legally obligated to have insurance, they are forced into assigned risk pools. Assigned risk pools, with rates that do not fully reflect benefit levels and claims experience, further diffuse the relationship between experience and premiums, and thus distort the incentives of workers compensation. Federal employee work injury and disease benefits are paid by the employing agency through regular payroll funding during the 45-day period of pay continuation and then through an annual bill that accounts for benefits paid to the agencys work- disabled employees. This is essentially self-insurance, with extended claims administered through the Office of Workers Compensation Programs, the Department of Labor agency responsible for administering FECA. This arrangement avoids the imperfections of the experience-rating system, because employers are fully rewarded or penalized for their claims experience. Although employers pay the full amount due, there are some problems. For example, it is not clear that anyone at the insurers level is inclined to encourage disabled employees to return to work. Another potential problem is that agencies must deal only with the one authorized insurer. In most private insurance markets, the amount of prevention services is used as a device to attract and retain customers. It is not clear whether the Office of Workers Compensation Programs has any incentive to offer these key services. Occupational health and safety is as important a regulatory issue today as it was in the early 20th century, when it was at the vanguard of government intervention in the labor market. We should clearly be using all available devices for improving the operation of the labor market. Because employees will be compensated for their occupational injuries, it is necessary to take full advantage of the financing of that compensation system in order to create incentives for prevention. The financing arrangements now in use are quite strong, but reinforcing prevention incentives has never been viewed as their primary purpose. Recognition of this preventive incentive role and attention to its improvement will serve to improve the occupational health and safety of American workers.